Tonolis is a biologically active supplement which contains
• Mg lactate 450 mg ~ 54 mg Mg
• Vitamin B6 5 mg
Magnesium
Magnesium is the fourth most common mineral in the human body after calcium, sodium, and potassium and is the second most common intracellular cation after potassium. Within the frame of a 70 kg individual, there is an average of 25 grams of Mg in reserve with 53% in bone, 27% in muscle, 19% in soft tissues, and less than 1% in the serum. Although serum Mg concentration (SMC) is tightly controlled with a normal serum value of 75–95 mmol/L, some research would indicate that serum levels less than 85 mmol/l should be considered deficient. [1]
Magnesium is involved as a cofactor in more than 300 enzyme systems and is required for such fundamental processes as energy production and nucleic acid synthesis. Intracellular Mg stores are found in high concentration in mitochondria, where this element plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate. In addition, Mg is bound to ATP in order to yield the bioactive form of ATP (Mg-ATP) and it is estimated that 3571 human proteins potentially bind to Mg2+. [2]
Approximately 10% of the daily magnesium requirement is derived from water. Green vegetables, nuts, seeds, and unprocessed cereals are rich sources of magnesium. Also, some magnesium is available in fruits, fish, meat, and milk products. The majority of the population in the Western countries consume less than the recommended amount of magnesium, contributed by the consumption of processed foods, demineralized water, and agricultural practices using soil deficient in magnesium for growing food [3].
Magnesium homeostasis is regulated by the intestines, the bones, and the kidneys. The majority of magnesium is absorbed by a passive paracellular mechanism in the ileum and distal parts of the jejunum, while a smaller amount is actively transported in the large intestine. Around 24–76% of ingested magnesium is absorbed in the gut and the remaining is eliminated in the feces. The proportion of absorbed magnesium from the gut depends on the amount of ingested magnesium and the status of magnesium in the body. [2,3]
Hypomagnesemia is a relatively common occurrence in clinical medicine. That it often goes unrecognized is due to the fact that magnesium levels are rarely evaluated since few clinicians are aware of the many clinical states in which deficiency, or excess, of this ion may occur. [4]
Hypomagnesemia is known to produce a wide variety of clinical presentations, including neuromuscular irritability, cardiac arrhythmias, and increased sensitivity to digoxin. Refractory hypokalemia and hypocalcemia can be caused by concomitant hypomagnesemia and can be corrected with Mg therapy. [5] Chronic low magnesium state has been associated with a number of chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and osteoporosis. The use of magnesium as a therapeutic agent in asthma, myocardial infarction, and pre-eclampsia is also discussed. [6]
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 is a very important molecule necessary for the health and proper functioning of the human body. It comprises a group of six water-soluble chemical compounds. These vitamins are pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxine (PN), and their 5′-phosphates. The active form, which is pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), serves as a cofactor for about 160 reactions in the body. So, the term “PLP” is used interchangeably with “vitamin B6”. It is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This compound is not produced by humans or other higher organisms, but yeasts and bacteria have the ability to produce it, although in a different way. By supplying them with food pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine, humans can convert them, due to the presence of a specific pyridoxal kinase (PDXK), into active phosphates. [7] Vitamin B6 participates in the transformation of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids. The best-known processes are glycogen breakdown, where it cooperates with glycogen phosphorylase; amino acid transformations, where it is a coenzyme in transamination and decarboxylation reactions; and reactions catalyzed by amino acid synthases or racemases. [8]
Vitamin B6 deficiency may present with seizures, mental status changes, anemia, rashes, and glossitis. [9] In vitamin B6-deficient states and illnesses, treatment dose varies with the patient's age and severity of symptoms. [10]
The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin B6 is 0.5 to 1 mg/day in children and increases with age, up to 1.7 mg/day for men older than 50 and 1.5 mg/day for women older than 50. The RDA for pregnant women is 1.9 mg/day and 2 mg/day during lactation. In patients with a deficiency, oral vitamin B6 from supplements and a varied, nutritious diet are adequate treatments. Healthy individuals eating whole grains, starchy vegetables, meats, fish, nuts, and egg yolks will likely obtain sufficient vitamin B6 from food sources. Bioavailability is about 75% from most combined dietary sources. Cooking and food processing can reduce bioavailability by 10-50 percent. [11]
References
[1] Fawcett W. J., Haxby E. J., Male D. A. Magnesium: physiology and pharmacology. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1999;83(2):302–320. doi: 10.1093/bja/83.2.302.
[2] Kubota T., Shindo Y., Tokuno K., et al. Mitochondria are intracellular magnesium stores: investigation by simultaneous fluorescent imagings in PC12 cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta—Molecular Cell Research. 2005;1744(1):19–28. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2004.10.013.
[3] Grober U., Schmidt J., Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199–8226. doi: 10.3390/nu7095388.
[4] Henzel JH, DeWeese MS, Ridenhour G. Significance of magnesium and zinc metabolism in the surgical patient. I. Magnesium. Arch Surg 1967;95:974–90. 10.1001/archsurg.1967.01330180122022
[5] Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ. The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare. Scientifica (Cairo). 2017;2017:4179326. doi: 10.1155/2017/4179326. Epub 2017 Sep 28. PMID: 29093983; PMCID: PMC5637834.
[6] Swaminathan R. Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003 May;24(2):47-66. PMID: 18568054; PMCID: PMC1855626.
[7] Hellmann H., Mooney S. Vitamin B6: A Molecule for Human Health? Molecules. 2010;15:442–459. doi: 10.3390/molecules15010442.
[8] Stach K, Stach W, Augoff K. Vitamin B6 in Health and Disease. Nutrients. 2021 Sep 17;13(9):3229. doi: 10.3390/nu13093229. PMID: 34579110; PMCID: PMC8467949.
[9] Brown MJ, Ameer MA, Daley SF, et al. Vitamin B6 Deficiency. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470579/
[10] Murty VS, Kishore MS, Patel MR. A Rare Case of Pyridoxine-dependent Seizures in Infancy. J Clin Neonatol. 2013 Jan;2(1):39-41.
[11] Stover PJ, Field MS. Vitamin B-6. Adv Nutr. 2015 Jan;6(1):132-3.